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The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a foundational algorithm widely used in fields like digital signal processing and machine learning. While High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have boosted the development of customized hardware accelerators in these fields, existing FFT HLS IP libraries often suffer from low throughput and poor usability due to inadequate exploitation of potential parallelism. In constract, many high-throughput RTL FFT designs lack portability and flexibility, limiting their practical adoption. To get rid of this predicament, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the FFT algorithm’s loop structure, uncovering hierarchical parallelism to optimize performance. Based on these insights, we developed a general FFT HLS generator, HP-FFT, which supports multiple functionalities and a wide range of customizable parallelism settings to meet diverse user requirements. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed HLS generator matches or outperforms state-of-the-art RTL/HLS IP libraries or generators, while enabling users to easily generate architectures that balance resource efficiency and high throughput to suit various application needs. 

ABSTRACT Necrotrophic pathogens cause serious threats to agricultural crops, and understanding the resistance genes and their genetic networks is key to breeding new plant cultivars with better resistance traits. AlthoughAlternaria alternatacauses black spot in important leafy brassica vegetables, and leads to significant loss of yield and food quality, little is known about plant–A. alternatainteractions. In this study, we used a unique and large collection of single, double and triple mutant lines of defence metabolite regulators inArabidopsisto explore how these transcription factors and their epistatic networks may influenceA. alternatainfections. This identified nine novel regulators and 20 pairs of epistatic interactions that modulateArabidopsisplants' defence responses toA. alternatainfection. We further showed that the glucosinolate 4‐methoxy‐indol‐3‐ylmethyl is the only glucosinolate consistently responsive toA. alternatainfection in Col‐0 ecotype. With the further exploration of the regulators and the genetic networks on modulating the accumulation of glucosinolates underA. alternatainfection, an inverted triangle regulatory model was proposed forArabidopsisplants' defence responses at a metabolic level and a phenotypic level. 

ABSTRACT Significant research has been conducted on how students’ gestures aid in learning scientific concepts, yet there remains a gap in understanding the impact of gesture-based interactions between students and simulations on their interpretation of visualized scientific phenomena. Addressing this, our paper presents a usability test conducted on a dynamic equilibrium visualization simulation developed for introductory college courses. Through a user study involving 40 participants, we conducted a qualitative evaluation to determine how students interpret gesture-controlled simulations. The findings confirm that students generally interpret visualized scientific concepts effectively and that interacting through gestures enhances their interpretation of the simulations. Additionally, this paper discusses the limitations of the current study and suggests directions for future research.